| خلاصه مقاله | The lack of effective therapies for various types of oral diseases, the use of invasive treatments and wide range of medications has had a significant impact on the quality of life of patients with oral lesions. Photobiomodulation as a noninvasive method can play a prominent role in the treatment of oral diseases. Photobiomodulation is the term to define the wide range of laser applications that use low-energy densities and based on photochemical mechanisms where the energy is transferred to the intracellular mitochondrial chromophores and respiratory chain components. A great number of researches are reported the advantages of Photobiomodulation in many oral diseases such as recurrent aphthous stomatitis, oral lichen planus, temporomandibular disorders, orofacial pain, recurrent herpes simplex infections, hyposalivation, pemphigus vulgaris, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw, trigeminal neuralgia, facial nerve paralysis, geographic tongue, chronic sinusitis, mucositis, and burning mouth syndrome. The absence of side effects, the possibility of safely treating compromised patients such as oncologic patients, the possibility of a noninvasive approach not associated with pain or discomfort, and short sessions are among the advantages of this modality. The aim of this abstract is to describe possible applications of Photobiomodulation methods in oral medicine.
Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of Photobiomodulation in decreasing the severity and duration of many oral lesions. This positive response is probably due to the decrease in the inflammatory response, the acceleration of the healing process through promoting growth factors release, the proliferation of fibroblasts, and deposition of collagen. The exact mechanism of Photobiomodulation to explain this response is still not completely understood. Moreover, the reduction in the severity of oral lesions with Photobiomodulation may be due to the decrease in reactive oxygen species or the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines. This speculation was based on the premise that low-power lasers may be absorbed by specific molecules and other intracellular organelles in addition to the mitochondria. The mechanism of the analgesic effect of Photobiomodulation has not been fully clarified yet. It is believed that the analgesic effect results from the neurophysiological effects (e.g., the release of endogenous opioids), angiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects. Some researchers have suggested that the reduction in prostaglandin E2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and plasminogen activation might also be involved. Photobiomodulation has been proved to be an effective treatment modality by enabling enhanced wound healing, reducing inflammation, and pain. There is numerous evidence in the literature regarding the clinical effectiveness of Photobiomodulation in various medical and dental applications. There is a need to explore other newer applications of Photobiomodulation in dentistry and standardize wavelengths, doses, and durations for treatment of various disorders. |