| خلاصه مقاله | ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Hemodiafiltration (HDF) has a convective component (hemofiltration) more than hemodialysis (HD), thereby providing more blood purification by adding a convective mass elimination of medium and large molecular-weight uremic toxins to diffusive mass transport of small uremic toxins by HD. This convective volume is replaced 1 for 1 mL with an intravenous (IV) infusion of substitution fluid (ultrapure dialysate) produced “online” from the dialysate by refiltration. Recently, many researchers have reported that HDF can significantly improve the outcomes of the management of end-stage renal failure (ESRD) patients. Discussion: Many studies have shown that HDF as a renal replacement therapy is better for ESRD children than HD because of its superiority in removing medium and large uremic toxins that induce ESRD complications; some advantages are mentioned below.Anemia: Children on HDF have a lower anemia rate, and their response to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents is prominent. This condition is due to the more efficient clearing of medium-sized proinflammatory molecules, such as hepcidin. It helps iron utilization as well.Metabolic Bone Disease: Fibroblast growth factor 23, parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, and osteoprotegerin are implicated in abnormal bone metabolism.Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: HDF decreases β2-microglobulin, interleukin(IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, nitrotyrosine, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, asymmetric dimethyl arginine, symmetric dimethyl arginine, advanced glycation end-products, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, free chains of immunoglobulins, hepcidin and homocysteine. It also increases total antioxidant capacity compared to HD. Thus, HDF improves the endothelial risk profile. Hypertension: Stable blood pressure is more prevalent in children on HDF than those on HD who frequently have significant and persistent hypertension despite an equivalent dialysis dose.Cardiovascular Disease: HDF removes indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate, which mainly bind to albumin more efficiently. In addition, carotid intima-media thickness SD score rises significantly in children on HD but remains stable in the HDF cohort.Anorexia: Adipokine, leptin, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1b reduce appetite in patients on HD, which are associated with lower albumin and pre-albumin levels and an inverse correlation with muscle mass and lower levels of physical tolerance.
9Vol 11. Int Cong of Pediatric Nephrology ProceedingImpaired Immune System and Infections: Free light chains of immunoglobulins, retinol-binding protein-4, fibroblast growth factor-23, α-1 glycoprotein, degranulation-inhibiting protein, and granulocyte inhibitory protein inhibit in vitro polymorphonuclear neutrophils-leukocyte chemotaxis.Growth Retardation: Intensive HDF (6 sessions/week) promotes a positive effect on growth, even more than using growth hormone alone.Hemodynamic Instability: HDF improves hemodynamic tolerance by decreasing episodes of symptomatic hypotension.Amyloidosis: HDF results in a significant reduction in β2-microglobulin levels, compared to high-flux HD, in conjunction with the attenuation of the inflammatory milieu, contributing to a lower incidence of dialysis-related amyloidosis.Neuropathy: HDF may prevent or slow down the progression of peripheral neuropathy. Evidence indicates nerve excitability stays nearly normal, and uremic pruritus and restless legs reduce significantly.Conclusion: According to the results of the DOPPS (Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study), patients with HDF who are treated with a high convection volume (>15 L) will benefit from significantly longer survival, confirmed in several clinical trials. |