| Background: Many eukaryote cells produce membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs) to establish cell-to-cell
communication. Plant-derived EVs (P-EVs) contain proteins, RNAs, lipids, and other metabolites that can be isolated
from the juice, the fesh, and roots of many species.
Methods: In the present review study, we studied numerous articles over the past two decades published on the
role of P-EVs in plant physiology as well as on the application of these vesicles in diferent diseases.
Results: Diferent types of EVs have been identifed in plants that have multiple functions including reorganization of
cell structure, development, facilitating crosstalk between plants and fungi, plant immunity, defense against pathogens. Purifed from several edible species, these EVs are more biocompatible, biodegradable, and extremely available
from many plants, making them useful for cell-free therapy. Emerging evidence of clinical and preclinical studies
suggest that P-EVs have numerous benefts over conventional synthetic carriers, opening novel frontiers for the novel
drug-delivery system. Exciting new opportunities, including designing drug-loaded P-EVs to improve the drug-delivery systems, are already being examined, however clinical translation of P-EVs-based therapies faces challenges.
Conclusion: P-EVs hold great promise for clinical application in the treatment of diferent diseases. In addition,
despite enthusiastic results, further scrutiny should focus on unravelling the detailed mechanism behind P-EVs biogenesis and trafcking as well as their therapeutic applications. |