| Dendritic cells (DCs) can present tumoral antigens to T-cells and stimulate T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune
responses. In addition to uptaking, processing, and presenting tumoral antigens to T-cells, co-stimulatory signals have to be
established between DCs with T-cells to develop anti-tumoral immune responses. However, most of the tumor-infiltrated
immune cells are immunosuppressive in the tumor microenvironment (TME), paving the way for immune evasion of tumor
cells. This immunosuppressive TME has also been implicated in suppressing the DC-mediated anti-tumoral immune
responses, as well. Various factors, i.e., immunoregulatory cells, metabolic factors, tumor-derived immunosuppressive
factors, and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, have been implicated in developing the immunosuppressive TME.
Herein, we aimed to review the biology of DCs in developing T-cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses, the
significance of immunoregulatory cells in the TME, metabolic barriers contributing to DCs dysfunction in the TME, tumorderived immunosuppressive factors, and inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules in DC-based cell therapy outcomes. Withtherapy. Indeed, the combination of DC-based cell therapy with monoclonal antibodies against novel immune checkpoint
molecules can be a promising strategy to increase the response rate of patients with cancers.
reviewing the ongoing clinical trials, we also proposed a novel therapeutic strategy to increase the efficacy of DC-based cell |