| The ability to design nanoprobe devices with the capability of quantitative/qualitative operation in complex
media will probably underpin the main upcoming progress in healthcare research and development. However,
the biomolecules abundances in real samples can considerably alter the interface performance, where unwanted
adsorption/adhesion can block signal response and signifcantly decrease the specifcity of the assay. Herein, this
review frstly offers a brief outline of several signifcances of fabricating high-sensitivity and low-background
interfaces to adjust various targets' behaviors induced via bioactive molecules on the surface. Besides, some
important strategies to resist non-specifc protein adsorption and cell adhesion, followed by imperative categories of antifouling reagents utilized in the construction of high-performance solid sensory interfaces, are discussed. The next section specifcally highlights the various nanocomposite probes based on antifoulingnanomaterials for electrode modifcation containing carbon nanomaterials, noble metal nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, polymer, and silicon-based materials in terms of nanoparticles, rods, or porous materials
through optical or chemical strategies. We specially outline those nanoprobes that are capable of identifcation in
complex media or those using new constructions/methods. Finally, the necessity and requirements for future
advances in this emerging feld are also presented, followed by opportunities and challenges. |