| Objective: Vitamin D is believed to affect the functionality of the immune system for the prevention of coronavirus
disease. To investigate the role of this vitamin against the Coronavirus, this study analyzed the serum levels of
vitamin D, the transcription pattern of inflammatory cytokines, and the frequency of total lymphocytes, TCD4+,
TCD8+, and NK cells in 50 COVID-19-affected subjects in comparison to 50 healthy participants.
Materials and methods: This study diagnosed and evaluated 100 patients. Frequency of lymphocytes was determined using flow cytometry. Cytokine expression levels were measured using Real-Time PCR. Serum levels of
vitamin D and cytokines levels in cultured cell supernatant were measured by ELISA.
Results: Patients with COVID-19 exhibited decreased serum levels of vitamin D versus the healthy participants (p
= 0.0024). The total number of lymphocytes, TCD4+, TCD8+, and NK cells was signifcantly reduced in patients
with COVID-19 (p < 0.0001). Considerable upregulation of IL-12, IFN-γ, and TNF-α was seen in COVID-19 patients compared to the control group, whereas IFN-α was downregulated in COVID-19 patients. ELISA results also
had increased levels of IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (p = 0.0014, 0.0012, and p < 0.0001, respectively), and
decreased level of IFN-α (p = 0.0021) in patients with COVID-19 compared to the control group.
Conclusion: These fndings suggest a probable association among vitamin D concentrations, immune system
function, and risk of COVID-19 infection. As a result, it is recommended that vitamin D be considered as a
candidate for handling and controlling COVID-19 because of its ability to target the cytokine storm and its
antiviral effects. |