| Bacteria build their structures by implementing several macromolecules such as pro-teins, polysaccharides, phospholipids, and nucleic acids, which preserve their lives and play an essential role in their pathogenesis. There are two genomic and proteomic methods to study var-ious macromolecules of bacteria, which are complementary methods and provide comprehensive information. Proteomic approaches are used to identify proteins and their cell applications. Fur-thermore, macromolecules are utilized to study bacteria's structures and functions. These protein-based methods provide comprehensive information about the cells, such as the external structures, internal compositions, post-translational modifications, and mechanisms of particular actions, in-cluding biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and adaptation to the environment, promoting bacterial pathogenesis. These methods use various devices such as MALDI-TOF MS, LC-MS, and two-dimensional electrophoresis, which are valuable tools for studying different structural and functional proteins of the bacteria and their mechanisms of pathogenesis, causing rapid, easy, and accurate diagnosis of the infections. |