| Thus, reliable detection of pharmaceuticals is important for regulating the proper concentration
of them to enhance the effectiveness and to decrease possible side effects. However, the
development of new reliable sensory systems is the main prerequisite for the mentioned aims.
Immunosensors can be regarded as an effective tool due to their sensitivity and unique specificity
originating from the intrinsic nature of the antigen-antibody interaction. This review reports
material tendencies in the development of immunosensors for pharmaceuticals (veterinary and
human) which have been reported in the last few years. Carbon-based (graphene, graphene oxide,
carbon nanotubes, etc.), gold, and magnetic materials are the main materials for the fabrication
of pharmaceutical immunosensors. Also, this review reports benefits and limitations on the
reported immunosensor and mechanism and analytical performance of the immunoplatforms
to address future researches. |