| Helicobacter pyloriis one the most common Gram-negative bacterial pathogens implicated in a wide range ofgastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer, gastritis, gastric cancer, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissuelymphoma. Effective management of gastrointestinal disorders has highly relied on the accurate identification ofH. pyloriin the early stages of infections. There are two types of diagnostic methods to identifyH. pyloriin-fections including invasive and non-invasive approaches. Invasive methods mainly rely on the upper abdomenendoscopy and biopsy sampling and non-invasive methods include serological and molecular examinations, stoolantigen, and urea breath tests. Based on the recent investigations in Iran, rapid urease test and histopathologyhave demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity compared to other means of diagnosis, and stool antigen testsseem to be the most common non-invasive methods. About the sensitivity and specificity of urine and salivaryserologic tests, more investigation is warranted, and much remains to be elucidated. As a general rule, using acombination of non-invasive and invasive methods ofH. pyloridiagnosis, such as stool antigen test for screeningand histopathology examination for precise diagnosis is the best option for treatment initiation |