| Evaluation of sonication energy effect on in-situ synthesis of deep
eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction process was
performed in fresh fruit samples for extraction of five neonicotinoids
insecticide including clothianidin, imidacloprid, nitenpyram,
acetamiprid, and thiacloprid. A suitable amount of choline chloride
was dissolved in sample solution and it was poured into a glass
narrow-bore tube. Then, a sodium chloride tablet was taken and
a few microlitres of hexanoic acid were penetrated into the tablet
and it was released into the tube. The narrow–bore tube was
located into an ultrasonic bath at controlled frequency and
power. The sodium chloride tablet started to dissolve and hexanoic
acid was released into the solution and hydrogen bonding was
correlated between the ChCl and hexanoic acid. The formed deep
eutectic solvent went up through the sample solution and analytes
were extracted into the ChCl: hexanoic acid DES. Validation parameters
were calculated and low limits of detection
(0.04–0.31 ng mL–1) and quantification (0.13–1.03 ng mL–1), high
enrichment factors (1280–1780) and extraction recoveries (64–89%),
and acceptable precision (RSD ≤7.2%) were obtained. Lastly,
the procedure was done on some fresh fruit samples imidacloprid
and acetamiprid were detected on some samples. |