| Many traditional procedures, including surgical methods such as microfracture of subchondral bone
and soft tissue transplantation, have been widely used to treat damaged cartilage. However, there is
still no definitive cure for cartilage defects. In recent decades, tissue engineering has raised hopes for
the repair of defective cartilage. Different approaches are used for cartilage engineering, in which cells,
scaffolds, and biological signals or growth factors may be used alone or in combination. Additionally,
the imitation of the mechanical properties of the natural cartilage tissue by bioreactors is also helpful
in this regard. It should be noted that in the transplantation of engineered cartilage tissue, there are
challenges such as poor integration, inflammation and phenotypic instability that may lead to failure of
neo-cartilage transplantation. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the multiple therapeutic
approaches, including surgical procedures, cell-based methods and tissue engineering, should be
obtained. The present review article provides this information, along with a variety of factors, including
cells, materials, and biological/biomechanical factors required for the engineering of cartilage tissue, as
well as the challenges ahead and their solutions. |