| خلاصه مقاله | Introduction
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and the second cause of death after cardiovascular disease in many countries(1). Early diagnosis of breast cancer is imperative to enhance the chance of survival and treatment(1).Common imaging modalities used to diagnose breast cancer are mammography, MRI and ultrasound, however today’s most common imaging modality is mammography(1). This technique uses ionizing radiations that may cause some hazards also it has low sensitivity and specificity in younger women with high breast density(2). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in other hand, is a high cost modality with long examination times,and ultrasound use as complementary modality and its results are dependent on the examiner’s experience and interpretation (1).
The main step in the manegment of breast cancer treatment starategy is surgery to resection of mass, however radiation is also can be used. It shoud be noted that every treatment sterategy commence with neoadjuant chemotherapy(NAC) in ordr to shirinking the tumor bed(3). neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has become a significant step of treatment for control of diseas that leads to shirinkage of tumor and reduces probability of distant metastases(4). One of the important advantage of NAC is the possibility of assessment of tumor response to treatment, so it can establishment a pathologic predictor pathway .The early knowledge of response to NAC is necessary for providing the optimal treatment strategy(5).In this way, the response of tumor to NAC can be monitored by imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, MRI and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). Currently types of MRI is most often used to this purpose, but all of these techniques are sometimes unable to assess tumor response to treatment(1, 5). Therefor demand for a non-invasive , feasible and low cost imaging modality with both diagnose and treatment monitoring ability direct the efforts of researchers to capability optical imaging(6). Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) is a non-invasive, non-ionizing technique that uses near-infrared (NIR) light to provide information about tissue absorption and scattering properties. Near-infrared (NIR) light that wavelengths is between 650 to 900 nm can penetrate deeply through tissues(7). Optical properties of tissue can be used to assess tissue microstructure and functional parameters, such as oxygenated hemoglobin, deoxygenated hemoglobin, relative oxygen desaturation, and water and lipid composition. Hypoxia, blood flow, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin concentration are correlated to tumor response (8).
The aim of this review study is to assesement of the potential of diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) in monitoring of tumor response to the Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) that can help physicians to schedual a patient specific treatment according to DOS analys.
Methods:
The keywords as “breast cancer”, “optical imaging”, “spectroscopy” and “neoadjuvant chemotherapy”. were searched in the scientific databases of Google scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Elsevier.in the first step there were been 16 articles selected, after a brief review the articles half of the articles reviewed were identified appropriate considering the title of this article.
Result & Discussion:
Using the DOS, Cerussi et al. found that pathologic complete responders and non-responders could be distinguished already after the first week of the therapy(9). Another article about DOS displayed that pathologic complete responders could already be differentiated from nonresponders the first day after start of the NAC by a characteristic flare in the tumor oxy-hemoglobin concentration(10). the study of Grosenick D et al. shows how early and how trustworthy breast tissue optical spectroscopy can predict the outcome of NAC, with non-invasive NIR light and cost reduction for the healthcare systems(1).in another study Schaafsma BE et al. mention that DOS assessment after only one cycle, accepting wrongly classification of 5% of the responders as nonresponders would rightly identify 75% of the nonresponders and allow them to change treatment strategy. likewise, accepting 10% wrongly identified responders would rightly identify 87% of the nonresponders as responders(5).in another article Subgroup analysis displayed that sensitivity of DOS for monitoring pathologic complete responders to NAC was 87%, and specificity was 70%, this meta-analysis proves that DOS has clinically admissible predictive potential for detection of patient responses to NAC(11).in a study Falou O et al. reported the potential of using DOS to monitor treatment response in locally advanced breast cancer patients(6).
The raising interest in neoadjuvant treatment, improved imaging modalities that can provide early prediction of tumor response will be required to select a patient who may benefit from another treatment. The capacity of near-infrared spectroscopy to measure functional parameters of carcinomas at the breast has led to its use for monitoring the response to NAC. Comparing to techniques like dynamic contrast MRI [DCE-MRI] or PET mammography, NIR spectroscopy is less challenging and does not require a contrast agent and it is inexpensive.
Conclusion
The results of articles studied in this review conclude that diffuse optical spectroscopy has capability to analysis and determination of biological and pathological changes in tumors during treatment course and can distinguish responders patient from non-responders one to the treatment as early as after the first NAC therapy.
According to the articles reviewed, it’s better to study the combined modality imaging approaches for increasing specificity and sensitivity of detection. |